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01298_Field_178.cap.txt
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1996-03-14
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After a summer of
strikes in 1980,
Polish workers
won unprecedented
concessions from
the communist
government. In an
agreement signed
by Lech Walesa, an
electrician at the
Lenin shipyard,
Gdansk, workers
were given the
right to form
free trade unions
and to strike
#
Walesa's rise
from unemployed
electrician to
workers' hero
was swift. He
emerged as a
union leader at
the Lenin ship-
yard (where he
started work at
18) during the
first workers'
rebellion, in 1970.
Ten years later,
he was negotiating
on behalf of all
Poland's workers
#
Solidarity, the
new trade union
led by Walesa,
demanded further
concessions from
a weak Polish
government. The
union was on the
way to becoming
a political party
to rival the Polish
communists. The
USSR warned that
further upheaval
would not be
tolerated. General
Jaruzelski was
the strong man
appointed to deal
with Walesa
#
A power struggle
consumed Poland
during 1981 as
hardliners in the
government tried
to resist the new
reforms, while the
Solidarity union
orchestrated fresh
strikes. At the end
of the year the
Polish government
imposed martial
law under pressure
from Moscow. Lech
Walesa was placed
under house arrest
and Solidarity was
banned outright
#
Although martial
law was lifted in
1983, Solidarity
remained banned.
In 1988 came the
biggest outbreak
of unrest in Poland
since 1980. Angry
workers at the
Lenin shipyard led
a fresh wave of
strikes in 1988 to
demand recognition
of the free union.
Solidarity was on
the move again
#
The political land-
scape of eastern
Europe changed
dramatically with
the arrival of
Mikhail Gorbachev
in the Soviet Union.
In April 1989, the
eight-year ban on
Solidarity was
lifted, and the
way cleared for
the trade union to
compete in free
national elections,
the first ever in
the Soviet bloc
@
At the height of
his struggle with
the communist
regime Walesa
was awarded the
Nobel peace prize.
It was a tribute
to the leading role
the Polish people,
and Walesa in
particular, had
played in challen-
ging oppression
in eastern Europe
#
In the national
elections of June
1989, Solidarity
won all the seats
it was allowed to
contest (one third
of the total) in
Poland's Lower
House, and 99 out
of the 100 seats
in the Senate. The
old government
was humiliated:
even unopposed
communist candi-
dates failed to
win their seats
#
Walesa's destiny
was fulfilled when
in 1990 he won a
victory in Poland's
first free presi-
dential elections.
It was the culmi-
nation of a nation's
long struggle for
freedom, and it
set the pattern
for other nations
in eastern Europe
#
Walesa inspired a movement strong enough to bring down a communist regime. Vaclav
Havel was a similar case, in that his moral authority derived from the fact that he
had been a dissident under the communists
#
Walesa, 'the Great
Electrician', is a
born fighter who
seems to thrive on
battling an enemy
who is stronger
than himself. As an
oppressed citizen,
the living symbol
of Poland's longing
for freedom, he
was magnificent;
as president of a
free Poland he
was a disappoint-
ment. In the end
he could not be a
great man and a
powerful one at
the same time
@